The University Wits were a group of late 16th-century English playwrights who were educated at the universities of Oxford or Cambridge. They include Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, Robert Greene, George Peele, Thomas Lodge, and John Lyly. Their contributions to English drama include the following:
Romanticism was a literary and artistic movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries that emphasized emotion, individualism, and nature. Major English romantic poets include:
In “A Passage to India,” E.M. Forster uses symbolism to explore themes of cultural conflict and the struggle for understanding between the British colonizers and the Indian population. Key symbols include:
Major writers of the Puritan Age include John Milton, John Bunyan, and Andrew Marvell. “Paradise Lost” by John Milton is considered one of the greatest epic poems in English literature. It follows the structure and themes of classical epics with its grand scale, invocation of the muse, and exploration of profound themes such as the fall of man, free will, and redemption. The poem is written in blank verse and includes elaborate descriptions, extended similes, and a vast array of characters, including God, Satan, Adam, and Eve.
A romantic comedy is a genre of play that combines elements of romance and humor. “As You Like It” by William Shakespeare is a classic example, featuring:
In “Ode to the West Wind,” Percy Bysshe Shelley depicts the west wind as both a destroyer and a preserver through vivid imagery and dynamic language:
In “Gulliver’s Travels,” Jonathan Swift portrays the negative aspects of human life through satire and allegory:
In “Arms and the Man,” George Bernard Shaw critiques romanticized notions of love and war:
(a) Allegory: A narrative in which characters and events represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Example: John Bunyan’s “The Pilgrim’s Progress.”
(b) Satire: A genre that uses humor, irony, and exaggeration to criticize human vices or folly. Example: Jonathan Swift’s “Gulliver’s Travels.”
(c) Fable: A short story that teaches a moral lesson, often featuring animals as characters. Example: Aesop’s fables.
(d) Ballad: A type of narrative poem that tells a story in simple language and often has a repeated refrain. Example: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
(e) Three Unities: The classical unities of time, place, and action that Aristotle described for drama. They dictate that a play should occur within one day (unity of time), in one location (unity of place), and follow one main plot (unity of action).
(f) Mock-epic: A satirical work that parodies the classical epic form, often to ridicule its subject. Example: Alexander Pope’s “The Rape of the Lock.”
(g) Elegy: A poem of serious reflection, typically lamenting the dead. Example: “Lycidas” by John Milton.
(h) Parable: A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson. Example: The parables of Jesus in the Bible.
(a) “She was trembling like a leaf.”
(b) “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!”
(c) “O Judgment! thou art fled to brutish beasts.”
(d) “Was this the face that launch’d a thousand ships.”
(e) “And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?”
(f) “She is an open book.”
The coconut tree is very useful. People in the tropics depend on it. They make roofs for their houses from leaves, fibers into rope, and fishing nets. The nut is the most valuable part. Farmers dry and export the nuts. It goes into various products like soap, toothpaste, and ice-cream. The shell is used for charcoal. There is milk in the coconut, which is good for drinking and feeding during wartime.
Date : 12.06.24
The Editor
The Daily Star
64–65, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue,
Dhaka-1215
Subject: The Importance of Tree Plantation in Combating Climate Change
Dear Sir,
I am writing to highlight the crucial role of tree plantation in addressing climate change. As global temperatures rise and deforestation continues, the need for sustainable environmental practices becomes more urgent. Trees absorb carbon dioxide, provide oxygen, and stabilize ecosystems. They also prevent soil erosion and support biodiversity.
By planting more trees, we can mitigate the effects of climate change, enhance air quality, and create healthier living conditions for future generations. I urge the community and authorities to prioritize tree plantation and conservation efforts to secure a sustainable future.
Sincerely yours
Biplob Prodhan
Date : 12.06.24
The Editor
The Daily Star
64–65, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue,
Dhaka-1215]
Subject: Concern About the Outbreak of Dengue Fever
Dear Sir,
I am writing to express my concern about the recent outbreak of Dengue fever in our city. The rising number of cases is alarming, and it is crucial to take immediate preventive measures. Public awareness campaigns should be intensified to educate people about the importance of maintaining cleanliness, using mosquito repellents, and eliminating stagnant water where mosquitoes breed.
Health authorities must also ensure adequate medical facilities and resources to manage and treat Dengue patients effectively. Collective efforts from the community and authorities can help control the spread of this disease and safeguard public health.
Sincerely yours
Biplob Prodhan
(a) Bath (verb) – “She bathes her dog every Sunday.”
(b) Bright (adverb) – “The stars shone brightly in the night sky.”
(c) Heart (adjective) – “He is a heartfelt speaker, always touching the audience.”
(d) Enjoyment (verb) – “They enjoy the summer vacations at the beach.”
(e) Choose (noun) – “Choice is important when selecting a career.”
(f) Courage (adjective) – “Her courageous actions saved many lives.”
(g) Success (verb) – “To succeed in life, one must work hard.”
(h) Dramatic (adverb) – “He dramatically reenacted the scene for us.”
(a) Scarcely had he reached the station when the train departed.
(b) A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
(c) They wash their hands and face every morning.
(d) It was five years since we last met.
(e) Had I been you, I would have taken the job.
(f) It was high time for us to start preparing.
(g) The old man walks carefully lest he should slip.
(h) The car is too costly for me to afford.
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